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Finding a Path to Safety in Food Allergy - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Finding a Path to Safety in Food Allergy - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Over the past 20 years, public concerns have grown in response to the apparent rising prevalence of food allergy and related atopic conditions, such as eczema. Although evidence on the true prevalence of food allergy is complicated by insufficient or inconsistent data and studies with variable methodologies, many health care experts who care for patients agree that a real increase in food allergy has occurred and that it is unlikely to be due simply to an increase in awareness and better tools for diagnosis. Many stakeholders are concerned about these increases, including the general public, policy makers, regulatory agencies, the food industry, scientists, clinicians, and especially families of children and young people suffering from food allergy. At the present time, however, despite a mounting body of data on the prevalence, health consequences, and associated costs of food allergy, this chronic disease has not garnered the level of societal attention that it warrants. Moreover, for patients and families at risk, recommendations and guidelines have not been clear about preventing exposure or the onset of reactions or for managing this disease. Finding a Path to Safety in Food Allergy examines critical issues related to food allergy, including the prevalence and severity of food allergy and its impact on affected individuals, families, and communities; and current understanding of food allergy as a disease, and in diagnostics, treatments, prevention, and public policy. This report seeks to: clarify the nature of the disease, its causes, and its current management; highlight gaps in knowledge; encourage the implementation of management tools at many levels and among many stakeholders; and delineate a roadmap to safety for those who have, or are at risk of developing, food allergy, as well as for others in society who are responsible for public health. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Definitions3 Prevalence4 Assessments, Diagnostic Testing, Disease Monitoring, and Prognosis5 Potential Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Food Allergy Risk and Possible Prevention Strategies6 Management in the Health Care Setting7 Management of Packaged Foods8 Managing Food Allergies in Retail, Food Service, Schools, Higher Education, and Travel Settings9 Research Needs10 Final Comments: A Roadmap to SafetyAppendix A: Open Session AgendasAppendix B: Food Allergy Prevalence Literature Search StrategyAppendix C: Risk Determinants Literature Search StrategyAppendix D: Acronyms and AbbreviationsAppendix E: DefinitionsAppendix F: Committee Members Biographical Sketches

DKK 474.00
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Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents - Committee On Toxicity Testing And Assessment Of Environmental Agents - Bog - National

Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents - Committee On Toxicity Testing And Assessment Of Environmental Agents - Bog - National

Toxicity testing in laboratory animals provides much of the information used by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess the hazards and risks associated with exposure to environmental agents that might harm public health or the environment. The data are used to establish maximum acceptable concentrations of environmental agents in drinking water, set permissible limits of exposure of workers, define labeling requirements, establish tolerances for pesticides residues on food, and set other kinds of limits on the basis of risk assessment. Because the number of regulations that require toxicity testing is growing, EPA called for a comprehensive review of established and emerging toxicity-testing methods and strategies. This interim report reviews current toxicity-testing methods and strategies and near-term improvements in toxicity-testing approaches proposed by EPA and others. It identifies several recurring themes and questions in the various reports reviewed. The final report will present a long-range vision and strategic plan to advance the practices of toxicity testing and human health assessment of environmental contaminants. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Animal and In Vitro Toxicity Testing3 Human Data4 Strategies for Toxicity Testing5 Use of Data in Human Health Risk Assessment6 New Approaches7 Alternative Approaches and Emerging TechnologiesAppendix A: Biographic information on the Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents Appendix B: Testing Protocols

DKK 545.00
1

Testing at the Speed of Light - Committee On Space Radiation Effects Testing Infrastructure For The U.s. Space Program - Bog - National Academies

Testing at the Speed of Light - Committee On Space Radiation Effects Testing Infrastructure For The U.s. Space Program - Bog - National Academies

Spacecraft depend on electronic components that must perform reliably over missions measured in years and decades. Space radiation is a primary source of degradation, reliability issues, and potentially failure for these electronic components. Although simulation and modeling are valuable for understanding the radiation risk to microelectronics, there is no substitute for testing, and an increased use of commercial-off-the- shelf parts in spacecraft may actually increase requirements for testing, as opposed to simulation and modeling. Testing at the Speed of Light evaluates the nation's current capabilities and future needs for testing the effects of space radiation on microelectronics to ensure mission success and makes recommendations on how to provide effective stewardship of the necessary radiation test infrastructure for the foreseeable future. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 The Space Radiation Environment and Its Effect on Electronics3 Current State of Single-Event Effects Hardness Assurance and Infrastructure4 Future Infrastructure Needs5 A Path Toward the FutureAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Single-Event Effects Testing Facilities in the United StatesAppendix C: AcronymsAppendix D: Sources for Further ReadingAppendix E: Committee and Staff BiographiesAppendix F: Speakers Before the Committee

DKK 422.00
1

Testing English-Language Learners in U.S. Schools - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century - Committee On Toxicity Testing And Assessment Of Environmental Agents - Bog - National Academies Press -

Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century - Committee On Toxicity Testing And Assessment Of Environmental Agents - Bog - National Academies Press -

Advances in molecular biology and toxicology are paving the way for major improvements in the evaluation of the hazards posed by the large number of chemicals found at low levels in the environment. The National Research Council was asked by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to review the state of the science and create a far-reaching vision for the future of toxicity testing. The book finds that developing, improving, and validating new laboratory tools based on recent scientific advances could significantly improve our ability to understand the hazards and risks posed by chemicals. This new knowledge would lead to much more informed environmental regulations and dramatically reduce the need for animal testing because the new tests would be based on human cells and cell components. Substantial scientific efforts and resources will be required to leverage these new technologies to realize the vision, but the result will be a more efficient, informative and less costly system for assessing the hazards posed by industrial chemicals and pesticides. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Vision3 Components of the Vision4 Tools and Technologies5 Developing the Science Base and Assays to Implement the Vision6 Prerequisites for Implementing theVision in Regulatory ContextsAppendix: Biographic Information on the Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents

DKK 318.00
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Testing of Body Armor Materials - Board On Army Science And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Testing of Body Armor Materials - Board On Army Science And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In 2009, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) released the report Warfighter Support: Independent Expert Assessment of Army Body Armor Test Results and Procedures Needed Before Fielding, which commented on the conduct of the test procedures governing acceptance of body armor vest-plate inserts worn by military service members. This GAO report, as well as other observations, led the Department of Defense Director, Operational Test & Evaluation, to request that the National Research Council (NRC) Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences conduct a three-phase study to investigate issues related to the testing of body armor materials for use by the U.S. Army and other military departments. Phase I and II resulted in two NRC letter reports: one in 2009 and one in 2010. This report is Phase III in the study. Testing of Body Armor Materials: Phase III provides a roadmap to reduce the variability of clay processes and shows how to migrate from clay to future solutions, as well as considers the use of statistics to permit a more scientific determination of sample sizes to be used in body armor testing. This report also develops ideas for revising or replacing the Prather study methodology, as well as reviews comments on methodologies and technical approaches to military helmet testing. Testing of Body Armor Materials: Phase III also considers the possibility of combining various national body armor testing standards.

DKK 396.00
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An Evidence Framework for Genetic Testing - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

DKK 312.00
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Industrial Methods for the Effective Development and Testing of Defense Systems - Board On Army Science And Technology - Bog - National Academies

Industrial Methods for the Effective Development and Testing of Defense Systems - Board On Army Science And Technology - Bog - National Academies

During the past decade and a half, the National Research Council, through its Committee on National Statistics, has carried out a number of studies on the application of statistical methods to improve the testing and development of defense systems. These studies were intended to provide advice to the Department of Defense (DOD), which sponsored these studies. The previous studies have been concerned with the role of statistical methods in testing and evaluation, reliability practices, software methods, combining information, and evolutionary acquisition. Industrial Methods for the Effective Testing and Development of Defense Systems is the latest in a series of studies, and unlike earlier studies, this report identifies current engineering practices that have proved successful in industrial applications for system development and testing. This report explores how developmental and operational testing, modeling and simulation, and related techniques can improve the development and performance of defense systems, particularly techniques that have been shown to be effective in industrial applications and are likely to be useful in defense system development. In addition to the broad issues, the report identifies three specific topics for its focus: finding failure modes earlier, technology maturity, and use of all relevant information for operational assessments.

DKK 240.00
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Statistics, Testing, and Defense Acquisition - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Statistics, Testing, and Defense Acquisition - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Panel on Statistical Methods for Testing and Evaluating Defense Systems had a broad mandate—to examine the use of statistics in conjunction with defense testing. This involved examining methods for software testing, reliability test planning and estimation, validation of modeling and simulation, and use of modem techniques for experimental design. Given the breadth of these areas, including the great variety of applications and special issues that arise, making a contribution in each of these areas required that the Panel's work and recommendations be at a relatively general level. However, a variety of more specific research issues were either brought to the Panel's attention by members of the test and acquisition community, e.g., what was referred to as Dubin's challenge (addressed in the Panel's interim report), or were identified by members of the panel. In many of these cases the panel thought that a more in-depth analysis or a more detailed application of suggestions or recommendations made by the Panel would either be useful as input to its deliberations or could be used to help communicate more individual views of members of the Panel to the defense test community. This resulted in several research efforts. Given various criteria, especially immediate relevance to the test and acquisition community, the Panel has decided to make available three technical or background papers, each authored by a Panel member jointly with a colleague. These papers are individual contributions and are not a consensus product of the Panel; however, the Panel has drawn from these papers in preparation of its final report: Statistics, Testing, and Defense Acquisition. The Panel has found each of these papers to be extremely useful and they are strongly recommended to readers of the Panel's final report. Table of ContentsFront MatterStrategic Information Generation and Transmission: The Evolution of Institutions in DoD Operational TestingOn the Performance of Weibull Life Tests Based on Exponential Life Testing DesignsApplication of Statistical Science to Testing and Evaluating Software Intensive Systems

DKK 351.00
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Evaluating Testing, Costs, and Benefits of Advanced Spectroscopic Portals - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Evaluating Testing, Costs, and Benefits of Advanced Spectroscopic Portals - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

This letter is the abbreviated version of an update of the interim report on testing, evaluation, costs, and benefits of advanced spectroscopic portals (ASPs), issued by the National Academies' Committee on Advanced Spectroscopic Portals in June 2009 (NRC 2009). This letter incorporates findings of the committee since that report was written, and it sharpens and clarifies the messages of the interim report based on subsequent committee investigations of more recent work by the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO). The key messages in this letter, which is the final report from the committee, are stated briefly in the synopsis on the next page and described more fully in the sections that follow. The committee provides the context for this letter, and then gives advice on: testing, evaluation, assessing costs and benefits, and deployment of advanced spectroscopic portals. The letter closes with a reiteration of the key points. The letter is abbreviated in that a small amount of information that may not be released publicly for security or law-enforcement reasons has been redacted from the version delivered to you in October 2010, but the findings and recommendations remain intact. Table of ContentsFront MatterLetter ReportReferencesAttachment 1 The Joint Explanatory Statement and the Statement of TaskAttachment 2 Evaluating Testing, Costs, and Benefits of Advanced Spectroscopic Portals for Screening Cargo at Ports of Entry INTERIM REPORTAttachment 3 Committee on Advanced Spectroscopic Portals Roster and Brief BiographiesAttachment 4 Nuclear and Radiation Studies BoardAttachment 5 Reviewers

DKK 72.00
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The Role of Human Factors in Home Health Care - Committee On The Role Of Human Factors In Home Healthcare - Bog - National Academies Press -

The Role of Human Factors in Home Health Care - Committee On The Role Of Human Factors In Home Healthcare - Bog - National Academies Press -

The rapid growth of home health care has raised many unsolved issues and will have consequences that are far too broad for any one group to analyze in their entirety. Yet a major influence on the safety, quality, and effectiveness of home health care will be the set of issues encompassed by the field of human factors research—the discipline of applying what is known about human capabilities and limitations to the design of products, processes, systems, and work environments. To address these challenges, the National Research Council began a multidisciplinary study to examine a diverse range of behavioral and human factors issues resulting from the increasing migration of medical devices, technologies, and care practices into the home. Its goal is to lay the groundwork for a thorough integration of human factors research with the design and implementation of home health care devices, technologies, and practices. On October 1 and 2, 2009, a group of human factors and other experts met to consider a diverse range of behavioral and human factors issues associated with the increasing migration of medical devices, technologies, and care practices into the home. This book is a summary of that workshop, representing the culmination of the first phase of the study. Table of ContentsFront MatterPart I: Workshop Summary1 Introduction2 The People Who Receive and Provide Home Health Care3 Home Health Care Tasks and Tools4 The Environments of Home Health Care5 Concluding DiscussionPart II: Workshop Papers6 The Health Care Challenge: Matching Care to People inTheir Home Environments--Neil Charness7 Informal Caregivers in the United States: Prevalence, Caregiver Characteristics, and Ability to Provide Care--Richard Schulz and Connie A. Tompkins8 Medical Devices in Home Health Care--Molly Follette Story9 Information Technology and Systems in Home Health Care--George Demiris10 The Physical Environment and Home Health Care--Jonathan Sanford11 Impact of Cultural, Social, and Community Environments on Home Care--Steven M. Albert12 Effects of Policy, Reimbursement, and Regulation on Home Health Care--Peter A. BolingAppendix: Workshop Agenda and Participants

DKK 526.00
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Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination - Board On The Health Of Select Populations - Bog - National Academies Press -

Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination - Board On The Health Of Select Populations - Bog - National Academies Press -

The United States Social Security Administration (SSA) administers two disability programs: Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), for disabled individuals, and their dependent family members, who have worked and contributed to the Social Security trust funds, and Supplemental Security Income (SSSI), which is a means-tested program based on income and financial assets for adults aged 65 years or older and disabled adults and children. Both programs require that claimants have a disability and meet specific medical criteria in order to qualify for benefits. SSA establishes the presence of a medically-determined impairment in individuals with mental disorders other than intellectual disability through the use of standard diagnostic criteria, which include symptoms and signs. These impairments are established largely on reports of signs and symptoms of impairment and functional limitation. Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination considers the use of psychological tests in evaluating disability claims submitted to the SSA. This report critically reviews selected psychological tests, including symptom validity tests, that could contribute to SSA disability determinations. The report discusses the possible uses of such tests and their contribution to disability determinations. Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination discusses testing norms, qualifications for administration of tests, administration of tests, and reporting results. The recommendations of this report will help SSA improve the consistency and accuracy of disability determination in certain cases. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Disability Evaluation and the Use of Psychological Tests3 Overview of Psychological Testing4 Self-Report Measures and Symptom Validity Tests5 Cognitive Tests and Performance Validity Tests6 Economic Considerations7 Conclusions and RecommendationsAppendix A: Public Workshop AgendasAppendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix C: Glossary

DKK 370.00
1

Health Care Comes Home - Committee On The Role Of Human Factors In Home Health Care - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Health Care Comes Home - Committee On The Role Of Human Factors In Home Health Care - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In the United States, health care devices, technologies, and practices are rapidly moving into the home. The factors driving this migration include the costs of health care, the growing numbers of older adults, the increasing prevalence of chronic conditions and diseases and improved survival rates for people with those conditions and diseases, and a wide range of technological innovations. The health care that results varies considerably in its safety, effectiveness, and efficiency, as well as in its quality and cost. Health Care Comes Home reviews the state of current knowledge and practice about many aspects of health care in residential settings and explores the short- and long-term effects of emerging trends and technologies. By evaluating existing systems, the book identifies design problems and imbalances between technological system demands and the capabilities of users. Health Care Comes Home recommends critical steps to improve health care in the home. The book's recommendations cover the regulation of health care technologies, proper training and preparation for people who provide in-home care, and how existing housing can be modified and new accessible housing can be better designed for residential health care. The book also identifies knowledge gaps in the field and how these can be addressed through research and development initiatives. Health Care Comes Home lays the foundation for the integration of human health factors with the design and implementation of home health care devices, technologies, and practices. The book describes ways in which the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and federal housing agencies can collaborate to improve the quality of health care at home. It is also a valuable resource for residential health care providers and caregivers.

DKK 240.00
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The Future of Home Health Care - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Future of Home Health Care - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Individuals with disabilities, chronic conditions, and functional impairments need a range of services and supports to keep living independently. However, there often is not a strong link between medical care provided in the home and the necessary social services and supports for independent living. Home health agencies and others are rising to the challenges of meeting the needs and demands of these populations to stay at home by exploring alternative models of care and payment approaches, the best use of their workforces, and technologies that can enhance independent living. All of these challenges and opportunities lead to the consideration of how home health care fits into the future health care system overall. On September 30 and October 1, 2014, the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council convened a public workshop on the future of home health care. The workshop brought together a spectrum of public and private stakeholders and thought leaders to improve understanding of the current role of Medicare home health care in supporting aging in place and in helping high-risk, chronically ill, and disabled Americans receive health care in their communities. Through presentations and discussion, participants explored the evolving role of Medicare home health care in caring for Americans in the future, including how to integrate Medicare home health care into new models for the delivery of care and the future health care marketplace. The workshop also considered the key policy reforms and investments in workforces, technologies, and research needed to leverage the value of home health care to support older Americans, and research priorities that can help clarify the value of home health care. This summary captures important points raised by the individual speakers and workshop participants. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Home Health Care: Today and Tomorrow3 Toward Personal Health: Going Home and Beyond4 Key Issues and Trends5 The Home Health Care Workforce6 Models of Care and Approaches to Payment7 Innovations in Technology8 Making Connections9 Reflections and ReactionsReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Speaker and Moderator Biographical Sketches

DKK 318.00
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Direct-To-Consumer Genetic Testing - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Direct-To-Consumer Genetic Testing - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Today, scores of companies, primarily in the United States and Europe, are offering whole genome scanning services directly to the public. The proliferation of these companies and the services they offer demonstrate a public appetite for this information and where the future of genetics may be headed; they also demonstrate the need for serious discussion about the regulatory environment, patient privacy, and other policy implications of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing. Rapid advances in genetic research already have begun to transform clinical practice and our understanding of disease progression. Existing research has revealed a genetic basis or component for numerous diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, heart disease, and several forms of cancer. The availability of the human genome sequence and the HapMap, plummeting costs of high-throughput screening, and increasingly sophisticated computational analyses have led to an explosion of discoveries of linkages between patterns of genetic variation and disease susceptibility. While this research is by no means a straight path toward better public health, improved knowledge of the genetic linkages has the potential to change fundamentally the way health professionals and public health practitioners approach the prevention and treatment of disease. Realizing this potential will require greater sophistication in the interpretation of genetic tests, new training for physicians and other diagnosticians, and new approaches to communicating findings to the public. As this rapidly growing field matures, all of these questions require attention from a variety of perspectives. To discuss some of the foregoing issues, several units of the National Academies held a workshop on August 31 and September 1, 2009, to bring together a still-developing community of professionals from a variety of relevant disciplines, to educate the public and policy-makers about this emerging field, and to identify issues for future study. The meeting featured several invited presentations and discussions on the many technical, legal, policy, and ethical questions that such DTC testing raises, including: (1) overview of the current state of knowledge and the future research trajectory; (2) shared genes and emerging issues in privacy; (3) the regulatory framework; and (4) education of the public and the medical community.

DKK 266.00
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Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation and Methods of Combining Test Information for the Stryker Family of Vehicles and Related Army Systems -

Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation and Methods of Combining Test Information for the Stryker Family of Vehicles and Related Army Systems -

The U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) is responsible for the operational testing and evaluation of Army systems in development. ATECrequested that the National Research Council form the Panel on Operational Test Design and Evaluation of the Interim Armored Vehicle (Stryker). The charge to this panel was to explore three issues concerning the IOT plans for the Stryker/SBCT. First, the panel was asked to examine the measures selected to assess the performance and effectiveness of the Stryker/SBCT in comparison both to requirements and to the baseline system. Second, the panel was asked to review the test design for the Stryker/SBCT initial operational test to see whether it is consistent with best practices. Third, the panel was asked to identify the advantages and disadvantages of techniques for combining operational test data with data from other sources and types of use. In a previous report (appended to the current report) the panel presented findings, conclusions, and recommendations pertaining to the first two issues: measures of performance and effectiveness, and test design. In the current report, the panel discusses techniques for combining information. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1. Introduction to Combining Information2. Examples of Combining Information3. Combining Information in Practice4. Prerequisites for Combining Information5. Testing Challenges and Opportunities Posed by the Future Combat SystemReferencesAppendix A: Further Details Concerning the Bearing Cage ExampleAppendix B: Technical Details on Combining Information in Estimation: A Treatment of Separate Failure ModesAppendix C: The Rocket Development ProgramAppendix D: Acronyms and AbbreviationsPhase I Report: Operational Test Design and Evaluation of the Interim Armored VehicleBiographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff

DKK 409.00
1