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Environmental Chemicals, the Human Microbiome, and Health Risk - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National Academies Press -

Environmental Chemicals, the Human Microbiome, and Health Risk - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National Academies Press -

A great number of diverse microorganisms inhabit the human body and are collectively referred to as the human microbiome. Until recently, the role of the human microbiome in maintaining human health was not fully appreciated. Today, however, research is beginning to elucidate associations between perturbations in the human microbiome and human disease and the factors that might be responsible for the perturbations. Studies have indicated that the human microbiome could be affected by environmental chemicals or could modulate exposure to environmental chemicals. Environmental Chemicals, the Human Microbiome, and Health Risk presents a research strategy to improve our understanding of the interactions between environmental chemicals and the human microbiome and the implications of those interactions for human health risk. This report identifies barriers to such research and opportunities for collaboration, highlights key aspects of the human microbiome and its relation to health, describes potential interactions between environmental chemicals and the human microbiome, reviews the risk-assessment framework and reasons for incorporating chemical–microbiome interactions. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Microbiome Variation3 Characterizing Interactions Between the Human Microbiome and Environmental Chemicals4 Current Methods for Studying the Human Microbiome5 Risk Assessment: Incorporating ChemicalMicrobiome Interactions6 Research StrategyAppendix: Biographic Information on the Committee on Advancing Understanding of the Implications of Environmental-Chemical Interactions with the Human Microbiome

DKK 344.00
1

The Human Microbiome, Diet, and Health - Food And Nutrition Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Human Microbiome, Diet, and Health - Food And Nutrition Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Food Forum convened a public workshop on February 22-23, 2012, to explore current and emerging knowledge of the human microbiome, its role in human health, its interaction with the diet, and the translation of new research findings into tools and products that improve the nutritional quality of the food supply. The Human Microbiome, Diet, and Health: Workshop Summary summarizes the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. Over the two day workshop, several themes covered included:The microbiome is integral to human physiology, health, and disease. The microbiome is arguably the most intimate connection that humans have with their external environment, mostly through diet. Given the emerging nature of research on the microbiome, some important methodology issues might still have to be resolved with respect to undersampling and a lack of causal and mechanistic studies. Dietary interventions intended to have an impact on host biology via their impact on the microbiome are being developed, and the market for these products is seeing tremendous success. However, the current regulatory framework poses challenges to industry interest and investment. Table of ContentsFront MatterOverview1 Introduction2 Study of the Human Microbiome3 Interaction Between the Microbiome and Health and Environment4 Influence of the Microbiome on the Metabolism of Diet and Dietary Components5 Influence of Diet and Dietary Components on the Microbiome6 Societal and Policy Implications7 Possibilities for the FutureA: Workshop AgendaB: Speaker Biographical SketchesC: Workshop AttendeesD: Abbreviations and Acronyms

DKK 305.00
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Animal Models for Microbiome Research - Institute For Laboratory Animal Research - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Animal Models for Microbiome Research - Institute For Laboratory Animal Research - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The surface of the human body and its mucous membranes are heavily colonized by microorganisms. Our understanding of the contributions that complex microbial communities make to health and disease is advancing rapidly. Most microbiome research to date has focused on the mouse as a model organism for delineating the mechanisms that shape the assembly and dynamic operations of microbial communities. However, the mouse is not a perfect surrogate for studying different aspects of the microbiome and how it responds to various environmental and host stimuli, and as a result, researchers have been conducting microbiome studies in other animals. To examine the different animal models researchers employ in microbiome studies and to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of each of these model organisms as they relate to human and nonhuman health and disease, the Roundtable on Science and Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in December 2016. The workshop participants explored how to improve the depth and breadth of analysis of microbial communities using various model organisms, the challenges of standardization and biological variability that are inherent in gnotobiotic animal-based research, the predictability and translatability of preclinical studies to humans, and strategies for expanding the infrastructure and tools for conducting studies in these types of models. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 A Trans-Kingdom Perspective on Animal Models and Microbiome Research3 Non-Rodent Models for Microbiome Research4 Modeling Human Microbiota in Animal Systems5 Experimental Reproducibility Using Gnotobiotic Animal Models6 Establishing and Evolving Gnotobiotic Facilities7 Reflections on the WorkshopReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Biographical Sketches of Planning CommitteeAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers and ModeratorsAppendix D: Glossary

DKK 292.00
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Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation and Methods of Combining Test Information for the Stryker Family of Vehicles and Related Army Systems -

Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation and Methods of Combining Test Information for the Stryker Family of Vehicles and Related Army Systems -

The U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) is responsible for the operational testing and evaluation of Army systems in development. ATECrequested that the National Research Council form the Panel on Operational Test Design and Evaluation of the Interim Armored Vehicle (Stryker). The charge to this panel was to explore three issues concerning the IOT plans for the Stryker/SBCT. First, the panel was asked to examine the measures selected to assess the performance and effectiveness of the Stryker/SBCT in comparison both to requirements and to the baseline system. Second, the panel was asked to review the test design for the Stryker/SBCT initial operational test to see whether it is consistent with best practices. Third, the panel was asked to identify the advantages and disadvantages of techniques for combining operational test data with data from other sources and types of use. In a previous report (appended to the current report) the panel presented findings, conclusions, and recommendations pertaining to the first two issues: measures of performance and effectiveness, and test design. In the current report, the panel discusses techniques for combining information. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1. Introduction to Combining Information2. Examples of Combining Information3. Combining Information in Practice4. Prerequisites for Combining Information5. Testing Challenges and Opportunities Posed by the Future Combat SystemReferencesAppendix A: Further Details Concerning the Bearing Cage ExampleAppendix B: Technical Details on Combining Information in Estimation: A Treatment of Separate Failure ModesAppendix C: The Rocket Development ProgramAppendix D: Acronyms and AbbreviationsPhase I Report: Operational Test Design and Evaluation of the Interim Armored VehicleBiographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff

DKK 409.00
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Review of Department of Defense Test Protocols for Combat Helmets - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Review of Department of Defense Test Protocols for Combat Helmets - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Combat helmets have evolved considerably over the years from those used in World War I to today's Advanced Combat Helmet. One of the key advances was the development of aramid fibers in the 1960s, which led to today's Kevlar-based helmets. The Department of Defense is continuing to invest in research to improve helmet performance, through better design and materials as well as better manufacturing processes. Review of the Department of Defense Test Protocols for Combat Helmets considers the technical issues relating to test protocols for military combat helmets. At the request of the DOD Director of Operational Test and Evaluation, this report evaluates the adequacy of the Advanced Combat Helmet test protocol for both first article testing and lot acceptance testing, including its use of the metrics of probability of no penetration and the upper tolerance limit (used to evaluate backface deformation). The report evaluates appropriate use of statistical techniques in gathering data; adequacy of current helmet testing procedures; procedures for the conduct of additional analysis of penetration and backface deformation data; and scope of characterization testing relative to the benefit of the information obtained.

DKK 344.00
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Incentives and Test-Based Accountability in Education - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press -

Incentives and Test-Based Accountability in Education - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press -

In recent years there have been increasing efforts to use accountability systems based on large-scale tests of students as a mechanism for improving student achievement. The federal No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is a prominent example of such an effort, but it is only the continuation of a steady trend toward greater test-based accountability in education that has been going on for decades. Over time, such accountability systems included ever-stronger incentives to motivate school administrators, teachers, and students to perform better. Incentives and Test-Based Accountability in Education reviews and synthesizes relevant research from economics, psychology, education, and related fields about how incentives work in educational accountability systems. The book helps identify circumstances in which test-based incentives may have a positive or a negative impact on student learning and offers recommendations for how to improve current test-based accountability policies. The most important directions for further research are also highlighted. For the first time, research and theory on incentives from the fields of economics, psychology, and educational measurement have all been pulled together and synthesized. Incentives and Test-Based Accountability in Education will inform people about the motivation of educators and students and inform policy discussions about NCLB and state accountability systems. Education researchers, K-12 school administrators and teachers, as well as graduate students studying education policy and educational measurement will use this book to learn more about the motivation of educators and students. Education policy makers at all levels of government will rely on this book to inform policy discussions about NCLB and state accountability systems.

DKK 227.00
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Technical Assessment of the Man-in-Simulant Test Program - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Technical Assessment of the Man-in-Simulant Test Program - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The cornerstone of chemical and biological defense strategy is protection (i.e., insulating personnel from chemical and biological agents using individual clothing ensembles and respirators, as well as collective filtration systems and shelters). The CSC was asked by the CBDCOM to undertake a technology assessment of the Army's MIST program-which is designed to test protective suit ensembles in simulated chemical attacks.

DKK 305.00
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Test and Evaluation Challenges in Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Systems for the Department of the Air Force - Air Force Studies Board - Bog -

Test and Evaluation Challenges in Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Systems for the Department of the Air Force - Air Force Studies Board - Bog -

The Department of the Air Force (DAF) is in the early stages of incorporating modern artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into its systems and operations. The integration of AI-enabled capabilities across the DAF will accelerate over the next few years. At the request of DAF Air and Space Forces, this report examines the Air Force Test Center technical capabilities and capacity to conduct rigorous and objective tests, evaluations, and assessments of AI-enabled systems under operational conditions and against realistic threats. This report explores both the opportunities and challenges inherent in integrating AI at speed and at scale across the DAF. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Definitions and Perspectives3 Test and Evaluation of DAF AI-Enabled Systems4 Evolution of Test and Evaluation in Future AI-Based DAF Systems5 AI Technical Risks Under Operational Conditions6 Emerging AI Technologies and Future T&E Implications7 Concluding ThoughtsAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Public Meeting AgendasAppendix C: Committee Member Biographical InformationAppendix D: Acronyms and AbbreviationsAppendix E: Testing, Evaluating, and Assessing Artificial IntelligenceEnabled Systems Under Operational Conditions for the Department of the Air Force: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief

DKK 325.00
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The Chemistry of Microbiomes - Board On Chemical Sciences And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Chemistry of Microbiomes - Board On Chemical Sciences And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The 21st century has witnessed a complete revolution in the understanding and description of bacteria in eco- systems and microbial assemblages, and how they are regulated by complex interactions among microbes, hosts, and environments. The human organism is no longer considered a monolithic assembly of tissues, but is instead a true ecosystem composed of human cells, bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses. As such, humans are not unlike other complex ecosystems containing microbial assemblages observed in the marine and earth environments. They all share a basic functional principle: Chemical communication is the universal language that allows such groups to properly function together. These chemical networks regulate interactions like metabolic exchange, antibiosis and symbiosis, and communication. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Chemical Sciences Roundtable organized a series of four seminars in the autumn of 2016 to explore the current advances, opportunities, and challenges toward unveiling this "chemical dark matter" and its role in the regulation and function of different ecosystems. The first three focused on specific ecosystems—earth, marine, and human—and the last on all microbiome systems. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the seminars. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Illuminating the Microbial Dark Matter Beneath Your Feet: Microbial Catalysis in the Terrestrial Subsurface - Kelly C. Wrighton, Rebecca A. Daly, and Michael J. Wilkins3 Life in High-Temperature Environments: Modern-Day Analogs of Early Earth Still Relevant Today - William P. Inskeep4 Advancing Our Understanding of the Chemistry of Soil Microbiomes - Trent R. Northen, Zheyun Zhang, Jian Gao, Tami Swenson, and Yasuo Yoshikuni5 Envisioning a Chemical Metaproteomics Capability for Biochemical Research and Diagnosis of Global Ocean Microbiomes - Mak A. Saito, Chip Breier, Mike Jakuba, Matthew McIlvin, and Dawn Moran6 Chemical Ecology: The Language of Microbiomes - Mark E. Hay, Deanna S. Beatty, and Frank J. Stewart7 Organic Nutrient Chemistry and the Marine Microbiome - Daniel J. Repeta and Rene M. Boiteau 8 Digitizing the Chemistry Associated with Microbes: Importance, Current Status, and Opportunities - Pieter C. Dorrestein9 Deciphering the Chemistry of the Human Gut Microbiome - Emily P. Balskus10 Engineering the Microbiome for Human Health Applications - Timothy K. Lu, Mark Mimee, Robert J. Citorik, and Karen Pepper11 Talking with Molecules: Marine Bacteria and Microalgae - Mohammad R. Seyedsayamdost12 Genome-Scale Metabolic Modeling and Its Application to Microbial Communities - Jennifer L. Reed13 Epilogue After the Panel DiscussionsAppendix A: Seminars AgendasAppendix B: Biographic Sketches of Seminars Planning Committee and Seminars SpeakersAppendix C: Seminars Attendees

DKK 364.00
1

Generating Evidence for Genomic Diagnostic Test Development - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Generating Evidence for Genomic Diagnostic Test Development - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Ten years after the sequencing of the human genome, scientists have developed genetic tests that can predict a person's response to certain drugs, estimate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, and make other predictions based on known links between genes and diseases. However, genetic tests have yet to become a routine part of medical care, in part because there is not enough evidence to show they help improve patients' health. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) held a workshop to explore how researchers can gather better evidence more efficiently on the clinical utility of genetic tests. Generating Evidence for Genomic Diagnostic Test Development compares the evidence that is required for decisions regarding clearance, use, and reimbursement, to the evidence that is currently generated. The report also addresses innovative and efficient ways to generate high-quality evidence, as well as barriers to generating this evidence. Generating Evidence for Genomic Diagnostic Test Development contains information that will be of great value to regulators and policymakers, payers, health-care providers, researchers, funders, and evidence-based review groups. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Stakeholder Perspectives on Evidence3 Approaches to Evidence Generation4 Overcoming Barriers for Evidence Generation5 Considerations Moving Forward6 Final RemarksReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Speaker Biographical SketchesAppendix C: Registered Attendees

DKK 208.00
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The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

This report reviews and updates the 2002 National Research Council report, Technical Issues Related to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). This report also assesses various topics, including:the plans to maintain the safety and reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile without nuclear-explosion testing;the U.S. capability to detect, locate, and identify nuclear explosions;commitments necessary to sustain the stockpile and the U.S. and international monitoring systems; andpotential technical advances countries could achieve through evasive testing and unconstrained testing. Sustaining these technical capabilities will require action by the National Nuclear Security Administration, with the support of others, on a strong scientific and engineering base maintained through a continuing dynamic of experiments linked with analysis, a vigorous surveillance program, adequate ratio of performance margins to uncertainties. This report also emphasizes the use of modernized production facilities and a competent and capable workforce with a broad base of nuclear security expertise. Table of ContentsFront MatterEXECUTIVE SUMMARYSUMMARY1 SAFETY, SECURITY, AND RELIABILITY OF THE U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS STOCKPILE2 TECHNICAL MONITORING CAPABILITIES AND CHALLENGES3 SUSTAINING U.S. TECHNICAL CAPABILITIES UNDER THE CTBT4 POTENTIAL TECHNICAL ADVANCES FROM NUCLEAR-EXPLOSION TESTING5 COMPLETE LIST OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONSAPPENDIX A Committee on Reviewing and Updating "Technical Issues Related to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty" (CTBT)APPENDIX B List of CTBT Committee and Seismology Subcommittee MeetingsAPPENDIX C The U.S. National Capability to Monitor for Nuclear ExplosionsAPPENDIX D Monitoring Areas of High InterestAPPENDIX E Dealing with Evasive Underground Nuclear TestingAPPENDIX F Issues Related to Containment of RadioactivityAPPENDIX G U.S. Satellite Nuclear Detonation Detection Capability: Options and ImpactsAPPENDIX H Satellite-Based Challenges and SolutionsAPPENDIX I ReferencesAPPENDIX J List of AcronymsAPPENDIX K Glossary of Key Terms from the 2010 CTBT NIE

DKK 292.00
1

Review of the Need for a Large-Scale Test Facility for Research on the Effects of Extreme Winds on Structures - National Academy Of Sciences - Bog -

Review of the Need for a Large-Scale Test Facility for Research on the Effects of Extreme Winds on Structures - National Academy Of Sciences - Bog -

The Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), through the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), has proposed that a large-scale wind test facility (LSWTF) be constructed to study, in full-scale, the behavior of low-rise structures under simulated extreme wind conditions. To determine the need for, and potential benefits of, such a facility, the Idaho Operations Office of the DOE requested that the National Research Council (NRC) perform an independent assessment of the role and potential value of an LSWTF in the overall context of wind engineering research. The NRC established the Committee to Review the Need for a Large-scale Test Facility for Research on the Effects of Extreme Winds on Structures, under the auspices of the Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment, to perform this assessment. This report conveys the results of the committee's deliberations as well as its findings and recommendations.

DKK 279.00
1

Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) is responsible for the operational testing and evaluation of Army systems in development. ATEC requested that the National Research Council form the Panel on Operational Test Design and Evaluation of the Interim Armored Vehicle (Stryker) to explore three issues concerning the initial operation test plans for the Stryker/Interim Brigade Combat Team (IBCT). First, the panel was asked to examine the measures selected to assess the performance and effectiveness of the Stryker/IBCT in comparison both to requirements and to the baseline system. Second, the panel was asked to review the test design for the Stryker/IBCT initial operational test to see whether it is consistent with best practices. Third, the panel was asked to identify the advantages and disadvantages of techniques for combining operational test data with data from other sources and types of use. In this report the panel presents findings, conclusions, and recommendations pertaining to the first two issues: measures of performance and effectiveness, and test design. The panel intends to prepare a second report that discusses techniques for combining information. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1. Introduction2. Test Process3. Test Measures4. Statistical Design5. Data Analysis6. Assessing the IBCT/Stryker Operational Test in a Broad ContextReferencesAppendix A: Letter Report of the Panel to the Army Test and Evalution CommandAppendix B: Force Exchange Ratio, Historical Win Probability, and Winning with Decisive ForceAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff

DKK 286.00
1

Evaluation of Demonstration Test Results of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons - Committee On Review And

Evaluation of Demonstration Test Results of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons - Committee On Review And

In 1996, the U.S. Congress enacted two laws, Public Law 104-201 (authorization legislation) and Public Law 104-208 (appropriation legislation), mandating that the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) conduct an assessment of alternative technologies to the baseline incineration process for the demilitarization of assembled chemical munitions. The PMACWA had previously requested that the National Research Council (NRC) perform and publish an independent evaluation of the seven technologies packages that had been selected during earlier phases of the Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment (ACWA) program and deliver a report by September 1, 1999. However, to meet that deadline, the NRC Committee on Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons (ACW Committee) had to terminate its data-gathering activities on March 15, 1999, prior to the completion of demonstration tests. In September 1999, the PMACWA requested that the ACW Committee examine the reports of the demonstration tests and determine if the results changed the committee's original findings, recommendations, and comments. Evaluation of Demonstration Test Results of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons documents the committee's reassessment of the findings and recommendations in the original report, Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons.

DKK 305.00
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Necessary DoD Range Capabilities to Ensure Operational Superiority of U.S. Defense Systems - Board On Army Research And Development - Bog - National

Necessary DoD Range Capabilities to Ensure Operational Superiority of U.S. Defense Systems - Board On Army Research And Development - Bog - National

Rigorous operational testing (OT) of weapon systems procured by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) is fundamental to ensuring that these sophisticated systems not only meet their stated requirements, but also perform under realistic operational conditions when faced by determined adversaries employing their own highly capable offensive and defensive weaponry. DoD's test and training range enterprise provides the geography, infrastructure, technology, expertise, processes, and management that make safe, secure, and comprehensive OT possible. The challenges facing the nation's range infrastructure are both increasing and accelerating. Limited test capacity in physical resources and workforce, the age of test infrastructure, the capability to test advanced technologies, and encroachment impact the ability to inform system performance, integrated system performance and the overall pace of testing. Necessary DoD Range Capabilities to Ensure Operational Superiority of U.S. Defense Systems assesses the physical and technical suitability of DoD test and evaluation ranges, infrastructure, and tools for determining the operational effectiveness, suitability, survivability, and lethality of military systems. This report explores modernization, sustainment, operations, and resource challenges for test and evaluation ranges, and makes recommendations to put the DoD range enterprise on a modernization trajectory to meet the needs of OT in the years ahead. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 Introduction2 An Envisioned Future of Operational Test and Evaluation3 Testing for Future Combat: Multi-Domain Operations, Connected Concurrent Kill Chains, and Mitigating Encroachment4 Digital Infrastructure Needs for Operational Testing5 Speed-to-Field: Restructuring the Requirements and Resources Processes for DoD Test Ranges6 Conclusion and Summary of Recommendations by ActorAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of Task and Completion MatrixAppendix B: Site Visit SummariesAppendix C: Committee Member BiographiesAppendix D: Disclosure of Unavoidable Conflicts of InterestAppendix E: Abbreviations and Acronyms

DKK 240.00
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The Five Series Study - Harriet Crawford - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Five Series Study - Harriet Crawford - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

More than 200,000 U.S. military personnel participated in atmospheric nuclear weapons tests between 1945 and the 1963 Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Questions persist, such as whether that test participation is associated with the timing and causes of death among those individuals. This is the report of a mortality study of the approximately 70,000 soldiers, sailors, and airmen who participated in at least one of five selected U.S. nuclear weapons test series1 in the 1950s and nearly 65,000 comparable nonparticipants, the referents. The investigation described in this report, based on more than 5 million person-years of mortality follow-up, represents one of the largest cohort studies of military veterans ever conducted.

DKK 409.00
1

Evaluating Hearing Loss for Individuals with Cochlear Implants - Committee On Evaluating Hearing Loss For Individuals With Cochlear Implants - Bog -

Evaluating Hearing Loss for Individuals with Cochlear Implants - Committee On Evaluating Hearing Loss For Individuals With Cochlear Implants - Bog -

The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) administers programs that provide disability benefits. Once SSA establishes the presence of a severe impairment, it determines whether the impairment meets the criteria in the Listing of Impairments (Listings) that qualify a candidate for disability benefits. The current Listings that address hearing loss treated with cochlear implantation contain criteria that evaluate hearing ability through a speech recognition test called the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT). Since its development in 1994, the HINT has been widely used to measure cochlear implant candidacy and postoperative outcomes. However, the test characteristics, the state of cochlear implant technology, and the environment that made the HINT a common choice of assessment in 1994 are different in 2021. The HINT has several limitations in its characteristics and deviation from its intended use. At the request of SSA, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a consensus study committee to identify and recommend generalized testing procedures and criteria for evaluating the level of functional hearing ability needed to make a disability determination in adults and children after cochlear implantation. The committee's report, Evaluating Hearing Loss for Individuals with Cochlear Implants, details and supports its findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on published evidence and professional judgment. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Considerations for Evaluating Hearing Function3 Characteristics and Limitations of the Hearing in Noise Test4 Characteristics of Hearing and Speech Tests5 Evaluating Hearing Ability in Persons with Cochlear Implants with Single-Sided Deafness or Asymmetric Hearing Loss6 Test Comparisons and Recommendations

DKK 318.00
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Microbial Evolution and Co-Adaptation - Board On Global Health - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Microbial Evolution and Co-Adaptation - Board On Global Health - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Dr. Joshua Lederberg - scientist, Nobel laureate, visionary thinker, and friend of the Forum on Microbial Threats - died on February 2, 2008. It was in his honor that the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats convened a public workshop on May 20-21, 2008, to examine Dr. Lederberg's scientific and policy contributions to the marketplace of ideas in the life sciences, medicine, and public policy. The resulting workshop summary, Microbial Evolution and Co-Adaptation, demonstrates the extent to which conceptual and technological developments have, within a few short years, advanced our collective understanding of the microbiome, microbial genetics, microbial communities, and microbe-host-environment interactions. Table of ContentsFront MatterWorkshop Overview1 The Life and Legacies of Joshua Lederberg2 Microbial Ecology and Ecosystems3 Pathogen Evolution4 Antibiotic Resistance: Origins and Countermeasures5 Infectious Disease Emergence: Past, Present, and FutureAppendix A: AgendaAppendix B: AcronymsAppendix C: GlossaryAppendix D: Forum Member Biographies

DKK 539.00
1