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Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents - Committee On Toxicity Testing And Assessment Of Environmental Agents - Bog - National

Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents - Committee On Toxicity Testing And Assessment Of Environmental Agents - Bog - National

Toxicity testing in laboratory animals provides much of the information used by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess the hazards and risks associated with exposure to environmental agents that might harm public health or the environment. The data are used to establish maximum acceptable concentrations of environmental agents in drinking water, set permissible limits of exposure of workers, define labeling requirements, establish tolerances for pesticides residues on food, and set other kinds of limits on the basis of risk assessment. Because the number of regulations that require toxicity testing is growing, EPA called for a comprehensive review of established and emerging toxicity-testing methods and strategies. This interim report reviews current toxicity-testing methods and strategies and near-term improvements in toxicity-testing approaches proposed by EPA and others. It identifies several recurring themes and questions in the various reports reviewed. The final report will present a long-range vision and strategic plan to advance the practices of toxicity testing and human health assessment of environmental contaminants. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Animal and In Vitro Toxicity Testing3 Human Data4 Strategies for Toxicity Testing5 Use of Data in Human Health Risk Assessment6 New Approaches7 Alternative Approaches and Emerging TechnologiesAppendix A: Biographic information on the Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents Appendix B: Testing Protocols

DKK 545.00
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Testing at the Speed of Light - Committee On Space Radiation Effects Testing Infrastructure For The U.s. Space Program - Bog - National Academies

Testing at the Speed of Light - Committee On Space Radiation Effects Testing Infrastructure For The U.s. Space Program - Bog - National Academies

Spacecraft depend on electronic components that must perform reliably over missions measured in years and decades. Space radiation is a primary source of degradation, reliability issues, and potentially failure for these electronic components. Although simulation and modeling are valuable for understanding the radiation risk to microelectronics, there is no substitute for testing, and an increased use of commercial-off-the- shelf parts in spacecraft may actually increase requirements for testing, as opposed to simulation and modeling. Testing at the Speed of Light evaluates the nation's current capabilities and future needs for testing the effects of space radiation on microelectronics to ensure mission success and makes recommendations on how to provide effective stewardship of the necessary radiation test infrastructure for the foreseeable future. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 The Space Radiation Environment and Its Effect on Electronics3 Current State of Single-Event Effects Hardness Assurance and Infrastructure4 Future Infrastructure Needs5 A Path Toward the FutureAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Single-Event Effects Testing Facilities in the United StatesAppendix C: AcronymsAppendix D: Sources for Further ReadingAppendix E: Committee and Staff BiographiesAppendix F: Speakers Before the Committee

DKK 422.00
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Testing English-Language Learners in U.S. Schools - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Testing English-Language Learners in U.S. Schools - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Committee on Educational Excellence and Testing Equity was created under the auspices of the National Research Council (NRC), and specifically under the oversight of the Board on Testing and Assessment (BOTA). The committee's charge is to explore the challenges that face U.S. schools as they work to achieve the related goals of academic excellence and equity for all students. This report provides not only the summary of a workshop held by the forum on the testing of English-language learners (students learning English as an additional language) in U.S. schools, but also a report on the committee's conclusions derived from that workshop and from subsequent deliberations.

DKK 305.00
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Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century - Committee On Toxicity Testing And Assessment Of Environmental Agents - Bog - National Academies Press -

Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century - Committee On Toxicity Testing And Assessment Of Environmental Agents - Bog - National Academies Press -

Advances in molecular biology and toxicology are paving the way for major improvements in the evaluation of the hazards posed by the large number of chemicals found at low levels in the environment. The National Research Council was asked by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to review the state of the science and create a far-reaching vision for the future of toxicity testing. The book finds that developing, improving, and validating new laboratory tools based on recent scientific advances could significantly improve our ability to understand the hazards and risks posed by chemicals. This new knowledge would lead to much more informed environmental regulations and dramatically reduce the need for animal testing because the new tests would be based on human cells and cell components. Substantial scientific efforts and resources will be required to leverage these new technologies to realize the vision, but the result will be a more efficient, informative and less costly system for assessing the hazards posed by industrial chemicals and pesticides. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Vision3 Components of the Vision4 Tools and Technologies5 Developing the Science Base and Assays to Implement the Vision6 Prerequisites for Implementing theVision in Regulatory ContextsAppendix: Biographic Information on the Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents

DKK 318.00
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Testing of Body Armor Materials - Board On Army Science And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Testing of Body Armor Materials - Board On Army Science And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In 2009, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) released the report Warfighter Support: Independent Expert Assessment of Army Body Armor Test Results and Procedures Needed Before Fielding, which commented on the conduct of the test procedures governing acceptance of body armor vest-plate inserts worn by military service members. This GAO report, as well as other observations, led the Department of Defense Director, Operational Test & Evaluation, to request that the National Research Council (NRC) Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences conduct a three-phase study to investigate issues related to the testing of body armor materials for use by the U.S. Army and other military departments. Phase I and II resulted in two NRC letter reports: one in 2009 and one in 2010. This report is Phase III in the study. Testing of Body Armor Materials: Phase III provides a roadmap to reduce the variability of clay processes and shows how to migrate from clay to future solutions, as well as considers the use of statistics to permit a more scientific determination of sample sizes to be used in body armor testing. This report also develops ideas for revising or replacing the Prather study methodology, as well as reviews comments on methodologies and technical approaches to military helmet testing. Testing of Body Armor Materials: Phase III also considers the possibility of combining various national body armor testing standards.

DKK 396.00
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An Evidence Framework for Genetic Testing - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

An Evidence Framework for Genetic Testing - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Advances in genetics and genomics are transforming medical practice, resulting in a dramatic growth of genetic testing in the health care system. The rapid development of new technologies, however, has also brought challenges, including the need for rigorous evaluation of the validity and utility of genetic tests, questions regarding the best ways to incorporate them into medical practice, and how to weigh their cost against potential short- and long-term benefits. As the availability of genetic tests increases so do concerns about the achievement of meaningful improvements in clinical outcomes, costs of testing, and the potential for accentuating medical care inequality. Given the rapid pace in the development of genetic tests and new testing technologies, An Evidence Framework for Genetic Testing seeks to advance the development of an adequate evidence base for genetic tests to improve patient care and treatment. Additionally, this report recommends a framework for decision-making regarding the use of genetic tests in clinical care. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Genetic Testing3 Genetic Test Assessment4 Evidence5 An Evidence Framework for Genetic TestiAppendix A: Understanding Genetic Variance and Phenotype ExpressionAppendix B: The GETT ChecklistAppendix C: Using Evidence to Inform Clinical and Policy DecisionsReferencesGlossary

DKK 312.00
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Industrial Methods for the Effective Development and Testing of Defense Systems - Board On Army Science And Technology - Bog - National Academies

Industrial Methods for the Effective Development and Testing of Defense Systems - Board On Army Science And Technology - Bog - National Academies

During the past decade and a half, the National Research Council, through its Committee on National Statistics, has carried out a number of studies on the application of statistical methods to improve the testing and development of defense systems. These studies were intended to provide advice to the Department of Defense (DOD), which sponsored these studies. The previous studies have been concerned with the role of statistical methods in testing and evaluation, reliability practices, software methods, combining information, and evolutionary acquisition. Industrial Methods for the Effective Testing and Development of Defense Systems is the latest in a series of studies, and unlike earlier studies, this report identifies current engineering practices that have proved successful in industrial applications for system development and testing. This report explores how developmental and operational testing, modeling and simulation, and related techniques can improve the development and performance of defense systems, particularly techniques that have been shown to be effective in industrial applications and are likely to be useful in defense system development. In addition to the broad issues, the report identifies three specific topics for its focus: finding failure modes earlier, technology maturity, and use of all relevant information for operational assessments.

DKK 240.00
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Statistics, Testing, and Defense Acquisition - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Statistics, Testing, and Defense Acquisition - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Panel on Statistical Methods for Testing and Evaluating Defense Systems had a broad mandate—to examine the use of statistics in conjunction with defense testing. This involved examining methods for software testing, reliability test planning and estimation, validation of modeling and simulation, and use of modem techniques for experimental design. Given the breadth of these areas, including the great variety of applications and special issues that arise, making a contribution in each of these areas required that the Panel's work and recommendations be at a relatively general level. However, a variety of more specific research issues were either brought to the Panel's attention by members of the test and acquisition community, e.g., what was referred to as Dubin's challenge (addressed in the Panel's interim report), or were identified by members of the panel. In many of these cases the panel thought that a more in-depth analysis or a more detailed application of suggestions or recommendations made by the Panel would either be useful as input to its deliberations or could be used to help communicate more individual views of members of the Panel to the defense test community. This resulted in several research efforts. Given various criteria, especially immediate relevance to the test and acquisition community, the Panel has decided to make available three technical or background papers, each authored by a Panel member jointly with a colleague. These papers are individual contributions and are not a consensus product of the Panel; however, the Panel has drawn from these papers in preparation of its final report: Statistics, Testing, and Defense Acquisition. The Panel has found each of these papers to be extremely useful and they are strongly recommended to readers of the Panel's final report. Table of ContentsFront MatterStrategic Information Generation and Transmission: The Evolution of Institutions in DoD Operational TestingOn the Performance of Weibull Life Tests Based on Exponential Life Testing DesignsApplication of Statistical Science to Testing and Evaluating Software Intensive Systems

DKK 351.00
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Evaluating Testing, Costs, and Benefits of Advanced Spectroscopic Portals - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Evaluating Testing, Costs, and Benefits of Advanced Spectroscopic Portals - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

This letter is the abbreviated version of an update of the interim report on testing, evaluation, costs, and benefits of advanced spectroscopic portals (ASPs), issued by the National Academies' Committee on Advanced Spectroscopic Portals in June 2009 (NRC 2009). This letter incorporates findings of the committee since that report was written, and it sharpens and clarifies the messages of the interim report based on subsequent committee investigations of more recent work by the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO). The key messages in this letter, which is the final report from the committee, are stated briefly in the synopsis on the next page and described more fully in the sections that follow. The committee provides the context for this letter, and then gives advice on: testing, evaluation, assessing costs and benefits, and deployment of advanced spectroscopic portals. The letter closes with a reiteration of the key points. The letter is abbreviated in that a small amount of information that may not be released publicly for security or law-enforcement reasons has been redacted from the version delivered to you in October 2010, but the findings and recommendations remain intact. Table of ContentsFront MatterLetter ReportReferencesAttachment 1 The Joint Explanatory Statement and the Statement of TaskAttachment 2 Evaluating Testing, Costs, and Benefits of Advanced Spectroscopic Portals for Screening Cargo at Ports of Entry INTERIM REPORTAttachment 3 Committee on Advanced Spectroscopic Portals Roster and Brief BiographiesAttachment 4 Nuclear and Radiation Studies BoardAttachment 5 Reviewers

DKK 72.00
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Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination - Board On The Health Of Select Populations - Bog - National Academies Press -

Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination - Board On The Health Of Select Populations - Bog - National Academies Press -

The United States Social Security Administration (SSA) administers two disability programs: Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), for disabled individuals, and their dependent family members, who have worked and contributed to the Social Security trust funds, and Supplemental Security Income (SSSI), which is a means-tested program based on income and financial assets for adults aged 65 years or older and disabled adults and children. Both programs require that claimants have a disability and meet specific medical criteria in order to qualify for benefits. SSA establishes the presence of a medically-determined impairment in individuals with mental disorders other than intellectual disability through the use of standard diagnostic criteria, which include symptoms and signs. These impairments are established largely on reports of signs and symptoms of impairment and functional limitation. Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination considers the use of psychological tests in evaluating disability claims submitted to the SSA. This report critically reviews selected psychological tests, including symptom validity tests, that could contribute to SSA disability determinations. The report discusses the possible uses of such tests and their contribution to disability determinations. Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination discusses testing norms, qualifications for administration of tests, administration of tests, and reporting results. The recommendations of this report will help SSA improve the consistency and accuracy of disability determination in certain cases. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Disability Evaluation and the Use of Psychological Tests3 Overview of Psychological Testing4 Self-Report Measures and Symptom Validity Tests5 Cognitive Tests and Performance Validity Tests6 Economic Considerations7 Conclusions and RecommendationsAppendix A: Public Workshop AgendasAppendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix C: Glossary

DKK 370.00
1

Direct-To-Consumer Genetic Testing - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Direct-To-Consumer Genetic Testing - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Today, scores of companies, primarily in the United States and Europe, are offering whole genome scanning services directly to the public. The proliferation of these companies and the services they offer demonstrate a public appetite for this information and where the future of genetics may be headed; they also demonstrate the need for serious discussion about the regulatory environment, patient privacy, and other policy implications of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing. Rapid advances in genetic research already have begun to transform clinical practice and our understanding of disease progression. Existing research has revealed a genetic basis or component for numerous diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, heart disease, and several forms of cancer. The availability of the human genome sequence and the HapMap, plummeting costs of high-throughput screening, and increasingly sophisticated computational analyses have led to an explosion of discoveries of linkages between patterns of genetic variation and disease susceptibility. While this research is by no means a straight path toward better public health, improved knowledge of the genetic linkages has the potential to change fundamentally the way health professionals and public health practitioners approach the prevention and treatment of disease. Realizing this potential will require greater sophistication in the interpretation of genetic tests, new training for physicians and other diagnosticians, and new approaches to communicating findings to the public. As this rapidly growing field matures, all of these questions require attention from a variety of perspectives. To discuss some of the foregoing issues, several units of the National Academies held a workshop on August 31 and September 1, 2009, to bring together a still-developing community of professionals from a variety of relevant disciplines, to educate the public and policy-makers about this emerging field, and to identify issues for future study. The meeting featured several invited presentations and discussions on the many technical, legal, policy, and ethical questions that such DTC testing raises, including: (1) overview of the current state of knowledge and the future research trajectory; (2) shared genes and emerging issues in privacy; (3) the regulatory framework; and (4) education of the public and the medical community.

DKK 266.00
1

Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation and Methods of Combining Test Information for the Stryker Family of Vehicles and Related Army Systems -

Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation and Methods of Combining Test Information for the Stryker Family of Vehicles and Related Army Systems -

The U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) is responsible for the operational testing and evaluation of Army systems in development. ATECrequested that the National Research Council form the Panel on Operational Test Design and Evaluation of the Interim Armored Vehicle (Stryker). The charge to this panel was to explore three issues concerning the IOT plans for the Stryker/SBCT. First, the panel was asked to examine the measures selected to assess the performance and effectiveness of the Stryker/SBCT in comparison both to requirements and to the baseline system. Second, the panel was asked to review the test design for the Stryker/SBCT initial operational test to see whether it is consistent with best practices. Third, the panel was asked to identify the advantages and disadvantages of techniques for combining operational test data with data from other sources and types of use. In a previous report (appended to the current report) the panel presented findings, conclusions, and recommendations pertaining to the first two issues: measures of performance and effectiveness, and test design. In the current report, the panel discusses techniques for combining information. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1. Introduction to Combining Information2. Examples of Combining Information3. Combining Information in Practice4. Prerequisites for Combining Information5. Testing Challenges and Opportunities Posed by the Future Combat SystemReferencesAppendix A: Further Details Concerning the Bearing Cage ExampleAppendix B: Technical Details on Combining Information in Estimation: A Treatment of Separate Failure ModesAppendix C: The Rocket Development ProgramAppendix D: Acronyms and AbbreviationsPhase I Report: Operational Test Design and Evaluation of the Interim Armored VehicleBiographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff

DKK 409.00
1

Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) is responsible for the operational testing and evaluation of Army systems in development. ATEC requested that the National Research Council form the Panel on Operational Test Design and Evaluation of the Interim Armored Vehicle (Stryker) to explore three issues concerning the initial operation test plans for the Stryker/Interim Brigade Combat Team (IBCT). First, the panel was asked to examine the measures selected to assess the performance and effectiveness of the Stryker/IBCT in comparison both to requirements and to the baseline system. Second, the panel was asked to review the test design for the Stryker/IBCT initial operational test to see whether it is consistent with best practices. Third, the panel was asked to identify the advantages and disadvantages of techniques for combining operational test data with data from other sources and types of use. In this report the panel presents findings, conclusions, and recommendations pertaining to the first two issues: measures of performance and effectiveness, and test design. The panel intends to prepare a second report that discusses techniques for combining information. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1. Introduction2. Test Process3. Test Measures4. Statistical Design5. Data Analysis6. Assessing the IBCT/Stryker Operational Test in a Broad ContextReferencesAppendix A: Letter Report of the Panel to the Army Test and Evalution CommandAppendix B: Force Exchange Ratio, Historical Win Probability, and Winning with Decisive ForceAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff

DKK 286.00
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Review of Department of Defense Test Protocols for Combat Helmets - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Review of Department of Defense Test Protocols for Combat Helmets - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Combat helmets have evolved considerably over the years from those used in World War I to today's Advanced Combat Helmet. One of the key advances was the development of aramid fibers in the 1960s, which led to today's Kevlar-based helmets. The Department of Defense is continuing to invest in research to improve helmet performance, through better design and materials as well as better manufacturing processes. Review of the Department of Defense Test Protocols for Combat Helmets considers the technical issues relating to test protocols for military combat helmets. At the request of the DOD Director of Operational Test and Evaluation, this report evaluates the adequacy of the Advanced Combat Helmet test protocol for both first article testing and lot acceptance testing, including its use of the metrics of probability of no penetration and the upper tolerance limit (used to evaluate backface deformation). The report evaluates appropriate use of statistical techniques in gathering data; adequacy of current helmet testing procedures; procedures for the conduct of additional analysis of penetration and backface deformation data; and scope of characterization testing relative to the benefit of the information obtained.

DKK 344.00
1

The Value of Genetic and Genomic Technologies - Board On Health Sciences Policy - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Value of Genetic and Genomic Technologies - Board On Health Sciences Policy - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Knowing one's genetic disposition to a variety of diseases, including common chronic diseases, can benefit both the individual and society at large. The IOM's Roundtable on Translating Genomic-Based Research for Health held a workshop on March 22, 2010, to bring together diverse perspectives on the value of genetic testing, and to discuss its use in clinical practice. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Tumor-Based Screening for Lynch Syndrome3 Pharmacogenomic Testing to Guide Warfarin Dosing4 Genomic Profiling5 Closing RemarksReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Speaker Biographical SketchesAppendix C: Lynch Syndrome Topic BriefAppendix D: Warfarin Topic BriefAppendix E: Genomic Profiling Topic Brief

DKK 266.00
1