25 resultater (0,31786 sekunder)

Vis alle filtre

Mærke

Butik

Pris (EUR)

Nulstil filter

Produkter
Fra
Butikker

The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies

The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies

Over the last three decades, there have been fundamental shifts in the electricity system, including the growing adoption of clean distributed generation energy technologies such as rooftop solar. Net metering, which compensates customers for excess energy they contribute to the grid, has been instrumental in supporting the integration of these systems into the grid, but these policies may need to change to better address future needs. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System explores the medium-to-long term impacts of net metering on the electricity grid and customers. This report evaluates how net metering guidelines should evolve to support a decarbonized, equitable, and resilient electricity system. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Net Metering 1013 Background and History, Current Status, and Near-Term Future of Net Metering4 Economic Considerations Related to Net Metering5 Equity Considerations of Net Metering6 Net Metering and Distributed Energy Technologies7 Regulatory, Legal, and Market Considerations8 The Future of Net Metering in an Evolving Electricity SystemBibliographyAppendixesAppendix A: Committee Biographical InformationAppendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. JurisdictionsAppendix C: Committee Meetings

DKK 390.00
1

Carbon Dioxide Utilization Markets and Infrastructure - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Carbon Dioxide Utilization Markets and Infrastructure - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Carbon materials pervade many aspects of modern life, from fuels and building materials to consumer goods and commodity chemicals. Reaching net-zero emissions will require replacing existing fossil-carbon-based systems with circular-carbon economies that transform wastes like CO2 into useful materials. This report evaluates market opportunities and infrastructure needs to help decision makers better understand how carbon dioxide utilization can contribute to a net-zero emissions future. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction and Scope2 Existing Infrastructure for CO2 Utilization3 Potential Uses of CO2 in Commercial Products4 Infrastructure Considerations for CO2 Utilization5 Policy, Regulatory, and Societal Considerations for CO2 Utilization Systems6 Priority Infrastructure Opportunities for CO2 UtilizationAppendixesAppendix A: Committee Member BiographiesAppendix B: Disclosure of Conflicts of InterestAppendix C: Information-Gathering ActivitiesAppendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations

DKK 214.00
1

Accelerating Decarbonization of the U.S. Energy System - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Accelerating Decarbonization of the U.S. Energy System - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The world is transforming its energy system from one dominated by fossil fuel combustion to one with net-zero emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary anthropogenic greenhouse gas. This energy transition is critical to mitigating climate change, protecting human health, and revitalizing the U.S. economy. To help policymakers, businesses, communities, and the public better understand what a net-zero transition would mean for the United States, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine convened a committee of experts to investigate how the U.S. could best decarbonize its transportation, electricity, buildings, and industrial sectors. This report, Accelerating Decarbonization of the United States Energy System, identifies key technological and socio-economic goals that must be achieved to put the United States on the path to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. The report presents a policy blueprint outlining critical near-term actions for the first decade (2021-2030) of this 30-year effort, including ways to support communities that will be most impacted by the transition. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive SummarySummary1 Motivation to Accelerate Deep Decarbonization2 Opportunities for Deep Decarbonization in the United States, 202120303 To What End: Societal Goals for Deep Decarbonization4 How to Achieve Deep DecarbonizationAppendix A: Committee Biographical InformationAppendix B: Disclosure of Unavoidable Conflicts of Interest

DKK 468.00
1

A Database for a Changing Economy - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

A Database for a Changing Economy - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Information about the characteristics of jobs and the individuals who fill them is valuable for career guidance, reemployment counseling, workforce development, human resource management, and other purposes. To meet these needs, the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) in 1998 launched the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), which consists of a content model—a framework for organizing occupational data—and an electronic database. The O*NET content model includes hundreds of descriptors of work and workers organized into domains, such as skills, knowledge, and work activities. Data are collected using a classification system that organizes job titles into 1,102 occupations. The National Center for O*NET Development (the O*NET Center) continually collects data related to these occupations. In 2008, DOL requested the National Academies to review O*NET and consider its future directions. In response, the present volume inventories and evaluates the uses of O*NET; explores the linkage of O*NET with the Standard Occupational Classification System and other data sets; and identifies ways to improve O*NET, particularly in the areas of cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and currency. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 IntroductionPart I: Core Elements of O*NET2 The Content Model3 Evolution of the Occupational Classification System4 The Data Collection Program5 The Role of TechnologyPart II: Major Current and Potential Uses of O*NET6 Workforce Development and Career Development7 Human Resource Management8 Disability Determination9 Uses in ResearchPart III: Recommendations10 Recommendations for the Future of O*NETAppendixesAppendix A: Dissent--Juan I. Sanchez and David H. AutorAppendix B: Descriptor Taxonomies Included in the Content ModelAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and StaffCommittee on National Statistics

DKK 442.00
1

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Wildland Fires - Polar Research Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Wildland Fires - Polar Research Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Climate change is fundamentally changing ecosystems and their fire conditions, and the 2023 fire season highlighted the urgency of developing and implementing solutions to address wildland fires. Wildland fires transfer carbon between the land and the atmosphere through emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), along with other gasses and particles. Though fires can be a natural part of healthy, evolving ecosystems, large, uncontrolled wildland fires can have devastating consequences to human health, communities, and biodiversity. Human-driven changes in wildland fire regimes have the potential to increase GHG emissions at a scale that could inhibit global efforts to achieve net-zero GHG emissions in the coming decades. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on September 13-15, 2023, to identify opportunities to improve measurements and model projections of GHG emissions from wildland fires and discuss management practices that could be incorporated into current and future action plans. Participants emphasized the importance of learning from historic and current Indigenous fire management practices and centering Indigenous voices and leadership across all stages of fire management. Different global ecosystems - particularly temperate, boreal, and tropical biomes - have been impacted by climate and land use changes where historical fire regimes and the carbon balance have been disrupted. However, discussions highlighted the diverse set of available regionally differentiated and ecosystem-appropriate mitigation strategies. With improved understanding of fires and their GHG emissions, better information for mitigation and management, and incorporation of wildfire GHG emissions into national accounting mechanisms, practitioners, communities, and decision makers will be better equipped to prepare, adapt, and respond to future wildland fires. Table of ContentsFront MatterOverviewIntroductionBiomes Vulnerable to Wildland Fires and Implications for Greenhouse Gas EmissionsObserving and Modeling Wildland Fires and Their Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Opportunities and ChallengesFuture Management to Support Net-Zero TargetsClosing ThoughtsReferencesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix C: Workshop Agenda

DKK 169.00
1

Getting to Zero Alcohol-Impaired Driving Fatalities - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Getting to Zero Alcohol-Impaired Driving Fatalities - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Alcohol-impaired driving is an important health and social issue as it remains a major risk to Americans' health today, surpassing deaths per year of certain cancers, HIV/AIDS, and drownings, among others, and contributing to long-term disabilities from head and spinal injuries. Progress has been made over the past decades towards reducing these trends, but that progress has been incremental and has stagnated more recently. Getting to Zero Alcohol-Impaired Driving Fatalities examines which interventions (programs, systems, and policies) are most promising to prevent injuries and death from alcohol-impaired driving, the barriers to action and approaches to overcome them, and which interventions need to be changed or adopted. This report makes broad-reaching recommendations that will serve as a blueprint for the nation to accelerate the progress in reducing alcohol-impaired driving fatalities. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction and Context2 Current Environment: Alcohol, Driving, and Drinking and Driving3 Interventions to Reduce Drinking to Impairment4 Alcohol-Impaired Driving Interventions5 Postcrash and Arrest Interventions6 Data and Surveillance Needs and Opportunities7 Generating Action8 ConclusionAppendix A: Alcohol-Impaired Driving in the United States: Review of Data Sources and Analyses - Charles DiMaggio, Katherine Wheeler-Martin, and Jamie Oliver Appendix B: Content Analysis of Alcohol-Impaired Driving Stories in the News - Deborah A. FisherAppendix C: The Role of the Alcohol Industry in Policy Interventions for Alcohol-Impaired Driving - Thomas F. Babor, Katherine Robaina, and Jonathan Noel Appendix D: Reducing Alcohol-Impaired Driving: Lessons from a Global Review - Adnan A. Hyder and Andres Vecino Appendix E: Committee Meeting AgendasAppendix F: Committee Biosketches

DKK 500.00
1

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Building and Fire Research Laboratory - National Research Council - Bog - National

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Building and Fire Research Laboratory - National Research Council - Bog - National

A panel of experts appointed by the National Research Council assessed the scientific and technical work of the Building and Fire Research Laboratory (BFRL) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The scope of the assessment included the following criteria: (1) the technical merit of the current laboratory programs relative to the current state of the art worldwide; (2) the adequacy of the laboratory facilities, equipment, and human resources, as they affect the quality of the laboratory technical programs; and (3) the degree to which the laboratory programs in measurement science and standards achieve their stated objectives and desired impact. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 The Charge to the Panel and the Assessment Process2 Measurement Science for Net-Zero Energy, High-Performance Buildings3 Measurement Science for Advancing Infrastructure Delivery4 Measurement Science for Sustainable Infrastructure Materials5 Measurement Science for Disaster-Resilient Structures and Communities6 Measurement Science for Innovative Fire Protection7 Overarching Issues8 Overall Conclusions

DKK 236.00
1

Navigating an Electric Vehicle Future - Division On Engineering And Physical Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Navigating an Electric Vehicle Future - Division On Engineering And Physical Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles will play a critical role in decarbonizing the transportation sector as the nation moves toward net-zero emissions. Recent announcements from automakers and the federal government, as well as provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021, aim to stimulate electric vehicle (EV) deployment, and ongoing technology improvements continue to make EVs a more affordable and practical option. However, many challenges remain to meet the needs of all buyers and drivers and to ensure that manufacturing supply chains and the electric system can support this large-scale transformation. As a follow-up activity to its 2021 report Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy - 2025-2035, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 4-day virtual workshop on October 25-28, 2021, to identify some of the challenges to widespread EV deployment and discuss policy, technical, and market strategies to help federal agencies and other stakeholders plan for the future. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary of Workshop PresentationsAppendixesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Biographies of Planning Committee MembersAppendix C: Biographies of Workshop SpeakersAppendix D: Workshop RegistrantsAppendix E: Acronyms and Abbreviations

DKK 195.00
1

Achieving Health Equity via the Affordable Care Act - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Achieving Health Equity via the Affordable Care Act - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Since its creation by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 2007, the Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity and the Elimination of Health Disparities has been fostering dialogue on racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care, examining the development of programs and strategies to reduce disparities, and encouraging the emergence of new leadership focused on health equity. For the past several years, a prominent topic of discussion within the roundtable has been the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The ACA has multiple provisions specific to race, ethnicity, and language and other provisions with significant implications for racially and ethnically diverse populations. In April 2013, the roundtable held a workshop to address many issues surrounding the ACA, including expansion of coverage, delivery systems, and access points, service delivery and payment reform, public-private partnerships, and challenges to the safety net. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction and Themes of the Workshop2 The Potential of the ACA to Reduce Health Disparities3 The ACA and Health Equity4 The Patient-Centered Medical Home5 The Safety Net and Beyond6 Consumer EngagementReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Speaker Biographical Sketches

DKK 318.00
1

Behavioral Economics - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Behavioral Economics - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Behavioral economics - a field based in collaborations among economists and psychologists - focuses on integrating a nuanced understanding of behavior into models of decision-making. Since the mid-20th century, this growing field has produced research in numerous domains and has influenced policymaking, research, and marketing. However, little has been done to assess these contributions and review evidence of their use in the policy arena. Behavioral Economics: Policy Impact and Future Directions examines the evidence for behavioral economics and its application in six public policy domains: health, retirement benefits, climate change, social safety net benefits, climate change, education, and criminal justice. The report concludes that the principles of behavioral economics are indispensable for the design of policy and recommends integrating behavioral specialists into policy development within government units. In addition, the report calls for strengthening research methodology and identifies research priorities for building on the accomplishments of the field to date. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 IntroductionPart I: Understanding Behavioral Economics2 Development of Behavioral Economics3 Foundational Behavioral and Economic Ideas4 The Behavioral Economics Toolkit: Policy Levers and Intervention StrategiesPart II: Evidence from Selected Policy Domains5 Health6 Retirement Benefits7 Social Safety Net Benefits8 Climate Change9 Education10 Criminal Justice System11 Findings Across the Policy DomainsPart III: Looking to the Future12 Conducting and Disseminating Behavioral Economics Research13 Implementing Behavioral Economics Approaches14 Advancing the Field of Behavioral EconomicsAppendix: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members

DKK 214.00
1

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Information for Decision Making - Committee On Development Of A Framework For Evaluating Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Information for Decision Making - Committee On Development Of A Framework For Evaluating Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Climate change, driven by increases in human-produced greenhouse gases and particles (collectively referred to as GHGs), is the most serious environmental issue facing society. The need to reduce GHGs has become urgent as heat waves, heavy rain events, and other impacts of climate change have become more frequent and severe. Since the Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015, more than 136 countries, accounting for about 80% of total global GHG emissions, have committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. A growing number of cities, regional governments, and industries have also made pledges to reduce emissions. Providing decision makers with useful, accurate, and trusted GHG emissions information is a crucial part of this effort. This report examines existing and emerging approaches used to generate and evaluate GHG emissions information at global to local scales. The report develops a framework for evaluating GHG emissions information to support and guide policy makers about its use in decision making. The framework identifies six criteria or pillars that can be used to evaluate and improve GHG emissions information: usability and timeliness, information transparency, evaluation and validation, completeness, inclusivity, and communication. The report recommends creating a coordinated repository or clearinghouse to operationalize the six pillars, for example, by providing timely, transparent, traceable information; standardized data formats; and governance mechanisms that are coordinated, trusted, and inclusive of the global community. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Current Approaches for Quantifying Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions3 Structural and Technical Limitations of the Current Greenhouse Gas Emissions Information Landscape4 Framework for Evaluating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Information5 RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A: Acronyms, Initialisms, and GlossaryAppendix B: Atmospheric Observations: Methods and ExamplesAppendix C: Contributors of Input to the StudyAppendix D: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix E: Disclosure of Unavoidable Conflicts of Interest

DKK 247.00
1

Applications of Biotechnology in Traditional Fermented Foods - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Applications of Biotechnology in Traditional Fermented Foods - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In developing countries, traditional fermentation serves many purposes. It can improve the taste of an otherwise bland food, enhance the digestibility of a food that is difficult to assimilate, preserve food from degradation by noxious organisms, and increase nutritional value through the synthesis of essential amino acids and vitamins. Although "fermented food" has a vaguely distasteful ring, bread, wine, cheese, and yogurt are all familiar fermented foods. Less familiar are gari, ogi, idli, ugba, and other relatively unstudied but important foods in some African and Asian countries. This book reports on current research to improve the safety and nutrition of these foods through an elucidation of the microorganisms and mechanisms involved in their production. Also included are recommendations for needed research.

DKK 370.00
1

Valuing Climate Damages - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Valuing Climate Damages - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The social cost of carbon (SC-CO2) is an economic metric intended to provide a comprehensive estimate of the net damages - that is, the monetized value of the net impacts, both negative and positive - from the global climate change that results from a small (1-metric ton) increase in carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions. Under Executive Orders regarding regulatory impact analysis and as required by a court ruling, the U.S. government has since 2008 used estimates of the SC-CO2 in federal rulemakings to value the costs and benefits associated with changes in CO2 emissions. In 2010, the Interagency Working Group on the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases (IWG) developed a methodology for estimating the SC-CO2 across a range of assumptions about future socioeconomic and physical earth systems. Valuing Climate Changes examines potential approaches, along with their relative merits and challenges, for a comprehensive update to the current methodology. This publication also recommends near- and longer-term research priorities to ensure that the SC- CO2 estimates reflect the best available science. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive SummarySummary1 Introduction2 Framework for Estimating the Social Cost of Carbon3 Socioeconomic Module4 Climate Module5 Damages Module6 Discounting Module7 Long-Term Research NeedsReferencesAppendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and StaffAppendix B: Presentations to the CommitteeAppendix C: Elicitation of Expert OpiniAppendix D: Global Growth Data and ProjectionsAppendix E: Comparison of a Simple Earth System Model to Existing SC-IAMsAppendix F: Empirical Equation for Estimating Ocean AcidificationAppendix G: Damages Model-Specific Improvement Opportunities

DKK 448.00
1

Assessment of Approaches to Updating the Social Cost of Carbon - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies

Assessment of Approaches to Updating the Social Cost of Carbon - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies

The social cost of carbon (SCC) for a given year is an estimate, in dollars, of the present discounted value of the damage caused by a 1-metric ton increase in CO2 emissions into the atmosphere in that year; or equivalently, the benefits of reducing CO2 emissions by the same amount in that given year. The SCC is intended to provide a comprehensive measure of the monetized value of the net damages from global climate change from an additional unit of CO2, including, but not limited to, changes in net agricultural productivity, energy use, human health effects, and property damages from increased flood risk. Federal agencies use the SCC to value the CO2 emissions impacts of various policies including emission and fuel economy standards for vehicles, regulations of industrial air pollutants from industrial manufacturing, emission standards for power plants and solid waste incineration, and appliance energy efficiency standards. There are significant challenges to estimating a dollar value that reflects all the physical, human, ecological, and economic impacts of climate change. Recognizing that the models and scientific data underlying the SCC estimates evolve and improve over time, the federal government made a commitment to provide regular updates to the estimates. To assist with future revisions of the SCC, the Interagency Working Group on the Social Cost of Carbon (IWG) requested the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine complete a study that assessed the merits and challenges of a limited near-term update to the SCC and of a comprehensive update of the SCC to ensure that the estimates reflect the best available science. This interim report focuses on near-term updates to the SCC estimates. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 Introduction2 Modeling the Climate System within the Broader SCC Modeling Structure3 Determining Temperature Changes in Response to CO2 Emissions4 Climate System Modeling in the SCC-IAMs and the Role of ECS5 Discussions, Conclusions, and RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and StaffAppendix B: Open Meeting Agenda

DKK 331.00
1

Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In the past few years, interest in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has grown. Advances in battery and other technologies, new federal standards for carbon-dioxide emissions and fuel economy, state zero-emission-vehicle requirements, and the current administration's goal of putting millions of alternative-fuel vehicles on the road have all highlighted PEVs as a transportation alternative. Consumers are also beginning to recognize the advantages of PEVs over conventional vehicles, such as lower operating costs, smoother operation, and better acceleration; the ability to fuel up at home; and zero tailpipe emissions when the vehicle operates solely on its battery. There are, however, barriers to PEV deployment, including the vehicle cost, the short all-electric driving range, the long battery charging time, uncertainties about battery life, the few choices of vehicle models, and the need for a charging infrastructure to support PEVs. What should industry do to improve the performance of PEVs and make them more attractive to consumers?At the request of Congress, Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles identifies barriers to the introduction of electric vehicles and recommends ways to mitigate these barriers. This report examines the characteristics and capabilities of electric vehicle technologies, such as cost, performance, range, safety, and durability, and assesses how these factors might create barriers to widespread deployment. Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles provides an overview of the current status of PEVs and makes recommendations to spur the industry and increase the attractiveness of this promising technology for consumers. Through consideration of consumer behaviors, tax incentives, business models, incentive programs, and infrastructure needs, this book studies the state of the industry and makes recommendations to further its development and acceptance. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Charging Technologies3 Understanding the Customer Purchase and Market Development Process for Plug-in Electric Vehicles4 Government Support for Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles5 Charging Infrastructure for Plug-in Electric Vehicles6 Implications of Plug-in Electric Vehicles for the Electricity Sector7 Incentives for the Deployment of Plug-in Electric VehiclesAppendixesAppendix A: Biographical Information on the Committee on Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle DeploymentAppendix B: Meetings and PresentationsAppendix C: International Incentives

DKK 370.00
1

State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions - Committee On State Practices In Setting Mobile Source Emissions Standards - Bog - National

State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions - Committee On State Practices In Setting Mobile Source Emissions Standards - Bog - National

Emissions from mobile sources contribute significantly to air pollution in the United States. Such sources include cars and light- and heavy-duty trucks; diesel-powered cranes, bulldozers, and tractors; and equipment such as lawnmowers that run on small gasoline engines. The role of state versus federal government in establishing mobile-source emissions standards is an important environmental management issue. With this in mind, Congress called on EPA to arrange an independent study of the practices and procedures by which California develops separate emissions standards from the federal government and other states choose to adopt the California standards. The report provides an assessment of the scientific and technical procedures used by states to develop or adopt different emissions standards and a comparison of those policies and practices with those used by EPA. It also considers the impacts of state emissions standards on various factors including compliance costs and emissions. The report concludes that, despite the substantial progress in reducing emissions from mobile sources nationwide, more needs to be done to attain federal air-quality standards in many parts of the country. Additionally, California should continue its pioneering role in setting emissions standards for cars, trucks, and off-road equipment. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Air Quality, Emissions, and Health Impacts Overview3 Regulation of Emissions from New Mobile Sources4 Co-evolution of Technology and Emissions Standards5 Assessment of Different Approaches to Setting Mobile-Source Standards6 Light-Duty-Vehicle Emissions Standards7 Other Case Studies8 RecommendationsReferencesGlossaryAbbreviationsAppendix A Biographical Information on the Committee on State Practices in Setting Mobile Source Emissions StandardsAppendix B Acronyms and Names Used for Classifying Organic CompoundsAppendix C Summary of Milestones in CARB Mobile Source Emissions Regulations and Comparison with EPAAppendix D Statutory Sections Relevant to the Regulation of New Mobile Source EmissionsAppendix E Public Workshop Presentations

DKK 740.00
1

Understanding Multiple Environmental Stresses - Committee On Earth Atmosphere Interactions: Understanding And Responding To Multiple Environmental -

Understanding Multiple Environmental Stresses - Committee On Earth Atmosphere Interactions: Understanding And Responding To Multiple Environmental -

The research of the last decade has demonstrated that ecosystems and human systems are influenced by multiple factors, including climate, land use, and the by-products of resource use. Understanding the net impact of a suite of simultaneously occurring environmental changes is essential for developing effective response strategies. Using case studies on drought and a wide range of atmosphere-ecosystem interactions, a workshop was held in September 2005 to gather different perspectives on multiple stress scenarios. The overarching lesson of the workshop is that society will require new and improved strategies for coping with multiple stresses and their impacts on natural socioeconomic systems. Improved communication among stakeholders; increased observations (especially at regional scales); improved model and information systems; and increased infrastructure to provide better environmental monitoring, vulnerability assessment, and response analysis are all important parts of moving toward better understanding of and response to situations involving multiple stresses. During the workshop, seven near-term opportunities for research and infrastructure that could help advance understanding of multiple stresses were also identified. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Drought3 Atmosphere-Ecosystem Interactions4 Lessons Learned from the Case StudiesReferencesAppendix A Statement of TaskAppendix B Workshop AgendaAppendix C Workshop ParticipantsAppendix D Extended Speaker AbstractsAppendix E Committee Biosketches

DKK 318.00
1

Facilitating Climate Change Responses - Committee On The Human Dimensions Of Global Change - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Facilitating Climate Change Responses - Committee On The Human Dimensions Of Global Change - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, understanding the need for policy makers at the national level to entrain the behavioral and social sciences in addressing the challenges of global climate change, called on the National Research Council to organize two workshops to showcase some of the decision-relevant contributions that these sciences have already made and can advance with future efforts. The workshops focused on two broad areas: (1) mitigation (behavioral elements of a strategy to reduce the net future human influence on climate) and (2) adaptation (behavioral and social determinants of societal capacity to minimize the damage from climate changes that are not avoided). Facilitating Climate Change Responses documents the information presented in the workshop presentations and discussions. This material illustrates some of the ways the behavioral and social sciences can contribute to the new era of climate research. Table of ContentsFront MatterIntroductionPart I: Public Understanding and Mitigation of Climate Change1 Public Understanding of Climate Change2 The Potential for Limiting Climate Change Through Household Action3 Public Acceptance of Energy Technologies4 Organizational Change and the Greening of BusinessPart II: Adapting to Climate Change5 Climate Change Adaptation: The State of the Science6 Federal Climate Change Adaptation Planning7 Place-Based Adaptation Cases8 Adaptation and Natural Resource Management9 Cross-Cutting Issues in Adaptation10 Synthesis of Key Questions for the WorkshopReferencesAppendix A: December 2009 Workshop Agenda and List of ParticipantsAppendix B: April 2010 Workshop Agenda and List of ParticipantsAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff

DKK 325.00
1

Value in Health Care - Leighanne Olsen - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Value in Health Care - Leighanne Olsen - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The United States has the highest per capita spending on health care of any industrialized nation. Yet despite the unprecedented levels of spending, harmful medical errors abound, uncoordinated care continues to frustrate patients and providers, and U.S. healthcare costs continue to increase. The growing ranks of the uninsured, an aging population with a higher prevalence of chronic diseases, and many patients with multiple conditions together constitute more complicating factors in the trend to higher costs of care. A variety of strategies are beginning to be employed throughout the health system to address the central issue of value, with the goal of improving the net ratio of benefits obtained per dollar spent on health care. However, despite the obvious need, no single agreed-upon measure of value or comprehensive, coordinated systemwide approach to assess and improve the value of health care exists. Without this definition and approach, the path to achieving greater value will be characterized by encumbrance rather than progress. To address the issues central to defining, measuring, and improving value in health care, the Institute of Medicine convened a workshop to assemble prominent authorities on healthcare value and leaders of the patient, payer, provider, employer, manufacturer, government, health policy, economics, technology assessment, informatics, health services research, and health professions communities. The workshop, summarized in this volume, facilitated a discussion of stakeholder perspectives on measuring and improving value in health care, identifying the key barriers and outlining the opportunities for next steps.

DKK 370.00
1

The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response - Committee On The Evaluation Of The Use Of Chemical Dispersants In Oil Spill Response - Bog -

The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response - Committee On The Evaluation Of The Use Of Chemical Dispersants In Oil Spill Response - Bog -

Whether the result of an oil well blowout, vessel collision or grounding, leaking pipeline, or other incident at sea, each marine oil spill will present unique circumstances and challenges. The oil type and properties, location, time of year, duration of spill, water depth, environmental conditions, affected biomes, potential human community impact, and available resources may vary significantly. Also, each spill may be governed by policy guidelines, such as those set forth in the National Response Plan, Regional Response Plans, or Area Contingency Plans. To respond effectively to the specific conditions presented during an oil spill, spill responders have used a variety of response options—including mechanical recovery of oil using skimmers and booms, in situ burning of oil, monitored natural attenuation of oil, and dispersion of oil by chemical dispersants. Because each response method has advantages and disadvantages, it is important to understand specific scenarios where a net benefit may be achieved by using a particular tool or combination of tools. This report builds on two previous National Research Council reports on dispersant use to provide a current understanding of the state of science and to inform future marine oil spill response operations. The response to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill included an unprecedented use of dispersants via both surface application and subsea injection. The magnitude of the spill stimulated interest and funding for research on oil spill response, and dispersant use in particular. This study assesses the effects and efficacy of dispersants as an oil spill response tool and evaluates trade-offs associated with dispersant use. Table of ContentsFront MatterSUMMARY1 INTRODUCTION2 FATE AND TRANSPORT3 AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS4 HUMAN HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS5 TOOLS FOR DECISION MAKING6 COMPARING RESPONSE OPTIONS7 RESEARCH AND DECISION-MAKING PROTOCOLSREFERENCESAPPENDIX A: COMMITTEE AND STAFF BIOGRAPHIESAPPENDIX B: DISCLOSURE OF UNAVOIDABLE CONFLICT OF INTERESTAPPENDIX C: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSAPPENDIX D: MINORITY REPORTAPPENDIX E: CONSULTANTS' REPORTAPPENDIX F: META-ANALYSIS OF AQUATIC TOXICITY DATA

DKK 448.00
1

Onshore Unconventional Hydrocarbon Development - Roundtable On Unconventional Hydrocarbon Development - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Onshore Unconventional Hydrocarbon Development - Roundtable On Unconventional Hydrocarbon Development - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Oil and gas well completion and stimulation technologies to develop unconventional hydrocarbon resources in the United States have evolved over the past several decades, particularly in relation to the development of shale oil and shale gas. Shale oil and shale gas resources and the technology associated with their production are often termed "unconventional" because the oil and gas trapped inside the shale or other low-permeability rock formation cannot be extracted using conventional technologies. Since about 2005, the application of these technologies to fields in the U.S. have helped produce natural gas and oil in volumes that allowed the country to reduce its crude oil imports by more than 50% and to become a net natural gas exporter. The regional and national economic and energy advances gained through production and use of these resources have been accompanied, however, by rapid expansion of the infrastructure associated with the development of these fields and public concern over the impacts to surface- and groundwater, air, land, and communities where the resources are extracted. The intent of the first day of the workshop of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on Unconventional Hydrocarbon Development was to discuss onshore unconventional hydrocarbon development in the context of potential environmental impacts and the ways in which the risks of these kinds of impacts can be managed. Specifically, the workshop sought to examine the lifecycle development of these fields, including decommissioning and reclamation of wells and related surface and pipeline infrastructure, and the approaches from industry practice, scientific research, and regulation that could help to ensure management of the operations in ways that minimize impacts to the environment throughout their active lifetimes and after operations have ceased. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Understanding Legacy Issues and Managing Risk3 Infrastructure Inventories, Environmental Restoration, and Management4 Observations, Monitoring, and Technology Evolution and Revolution for Legacy Issues5 Intersection of Technology and Regulation: Smoothing the Interface Through Time6 Plenary Remarks and DiscussionReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Biographies of the Workshop Planning CommitteeAppendix C: Biographies of the Workshop Moderators and PresentersAppendix D: Members of the Roundtable on Unconventional Hydrocarbon DevelopmentAppendix E: Workshop Participants

DKK 396.00
1

Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog -

Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog -

The National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs, administered by the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), are key components of the nation's food security safety net, providing free or low-cost meals to millions of schoolchildren each day. To qualify their children each year for free or reduced-price meals, many families must submit applications that school officials distribute and review. To reduce this burden on families and schools and to encourage more children to partake of nutritious meals, USDA regulations allow school districts to operate their meals programs under special provisions that eliminate the application process and other administrative procedures in exchange for providing free meals to all students enrolled in one or more school in a district. FNS asked the National Academies' Committee on National Statistics and Food and Nutrition Board to convene a panel of experts to investigate the technical and operational feasibility of using data from the continuous American Community Survey (ACS) to estimate students eligible for free and reduced-price meals for schools and school districts. The ACS eligibility estimates would be used to develop "claiming percentages" that, if sufficiently accurate, would determine the USDA reimbursements to districts for schools that provided free meals to all students under a new special provision that eliminated the ongoing base-year requirements of current provisions. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Program was conducted in two phases. It first issued an interim report (National Research Council, 2010), describing its planned approach for assessing the utility of ACS-based estimates for a special provision to expand access to free school meals. This report is the final phase which presents the panel's findings and recommendations. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 The School Meals Programs3 Technical Approach4 Data Analysis and Results5 A Plan for Implementing the AEO6 Recommendations for Future WorkReferences and BibliographyAppendix A: Glossary of Acronyms and TermsAppendix B: Estimates of Eligible Students Using the American Community SurveyAppendix C: Model-Based Estimates for School Districts and School Attendance AreasAppendix D: American Community Survey (ACS) and Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE)-Like Tabulations Requested from the U.S. Census BureauAppendix E: Data Collected from School DistrictsAppendix F: Additional Information About the Panel's AnalysesAppendix G: Causes of Systematic Differences Between American Community Survey (ACS) and Administrative EstimatesAppendix H: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff

DKK 383.00
1

Measuring Alternative Work Arrangements for Research and Policy - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies

Measuring Alternative Work Arrangements for Research and Policy - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies

Business structures, employment relationships, job characteristics, and worker outcomes have changed in the United States over the last few decades—in some ways unpredictably. A high level of interest exists among policy makers and researchers in addressing concerns about the future of work in the United States. These concerns are heightened by the perceived fracturing of relationships between workers and employers, the loss of safety net protections and benefits to workers, the growing importance of access to skills and education as the impacts of new technologies and automation are felt, and the market-based pressure that companies face to produce short-term profits, sometimes at the expense of long-term value. These issues, as well as related ones such as wage stagnation and job quality, are often associated with alternative work arrangements (AWAs)—which include independent-contractor and other nonemployee jobs, work through intermediaries such as temporary help agencies and other contract companies, and work with unpredictable schedules—although they also pertain to many standard jobs. A better understanding of the magnitude of and trends in AWAs, along with the implications for job quality, is needed to develop appropriate policies in response to the changing nature of work. Measuring Alternative Work Arrangements for Research and Policy reviews the Contigent Worker Supplement (CWS) of the Current Population Survey (CPS) for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in the U.S. Department of Labor. The CWS provides key measures of temporary (contingent) work, alternative work arrangements, and the "gig" economy. Disagreements, however, exist among researchers, policy makers, and other stakeholders about the definitions and measures of these concepts and priorities for future data collection. The report also reviews measures of employment, earnings, and worker well-being in temporary and alternative work arrangements that can be estimated using household survey data, such as those generated by the CWS, as well as measures that can be produced using administrative, commercial, and combined data sources. The comparative advantages and complementarities of different data sources will be assessed, as well as methodological issues underpinning BLS's measurement objectives. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction: Motivation for the Study2 Measurement Needs for Understanding the Changing Nature of Work3 Role of the Contingent Worker Supplement in Fulfilling Measurement Needs Related to Alternative Work Arrangements4 The Role of Other Data Sources in Measuring Alternative Work ArrangementsReferencesAppendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix B: Summary of June 10, 2019, WorkshopCommittee on National Statistics

DKK 370.00
1